Aubade Poem

Analysis of Aubade He is lonely and depress with the world. He drinks every single, work to support himself and stay up all night rethinking about his useless life. He is dark outside and cold from the inside, no one can see him. He is afraid of what might happen if he takes another step into life. He begin to describe his emotional feelings on paper, thinking about the time that he will be the next one laying in the grave, he is fearing death.In the poem, â€Å"Aubade,† Philip Larkin take the reader into his pathless journey, letting his audience know what he does and what will happen. He accomplished this through the use of imagery, poetic devices, and organization of the poem. Throughout this poem, the narrator uses imagery by describing his fear of death and the unexpected of death. In the first stanza, lines 1-2, â€Å"I work all day, and get half drunk at night, waking at four to soundless dark,† show what he does on his daily basis.He tell people what he is doing without feeling shame, â€Å" work all day† you can picture him working at factory doing the same thing all over again, meanwhile he come and get â€Å"half drunk. † It seem like the narrator can’t sleep and he is depress. His depressing phrases, he begins to describe what is outside of his house when stepping into the society of death. In lines 3-4, â€Å"In time the curtain†¦till then I see†¦ Unresting death,† he goes from light behind his curtain, the brightness he faces in the morning when going to work and the death road along the way.He emphasizes the â€Å"unresting death,† explaining that he will soon die and he makes all thoughts impossible. â€Å"The mind blanks at the glare. Not in remorse- The good not done, the love not give,† is the mephator Philip uses to establish the meaning of the title. Aubade is the lovers separate at dawn, so other words it doesn’t mean two couples, it is the relationship between death and the narrator. The death can be seen as a lover; because the narrator spends the whole time in bed thinking of what will happen to him if he start another day.The lover can be dawn, â€Å"the love not give,† walk away when light hit. With his tone of fear, he describe the â€Å"emptiness,† when dying you feel nothing but knowing that you are alone in the grave. The sentence â€Å"not to be anywhere† exist on its own line, this where we see the narrator create a connection with death by using the context, line is says, and form, the sentence is all by itself. The narrator is trying to make you feel that death is the one that can separate you from your own life and keep you lonely forever.The organization of â€Å"Aubade† is rather linear. Philip begin with all the negatively, what he does every single day and the fear he has inside of him, death. In the second stanza he show an emotional appeal letting his audience know that he is unable to do anything because death will soon arrive to him. In the third stanza, he tell his opinion about religion, he has no trust with god to save his life, he believe it is a trick as mention in lines 22- 24, â€Å"No trick dispels. Religion used to try.. reated to pretend we never die,† to him he has no belief in savor. As we scroll down to the next two stanza, he tell the readers that even if we want to step away from death, there is no way to overcome and he says in rhyming way, â€Å" Being brave, Lets no one off the grave. † He knows that death is one of the top ten lists of fear. We can feel what he is trying to getting across. We know that he fears death and he speak about what will be expected and the moments that he wished that he could of created. With the journey he took his readers

Hit and Run Sports and Lesiure Company Essay

* The company provides wide range of sports and leisure facilities to members and non-members. The facilities include golf courses, football pitch, basketball court and swimming pool. Members have to book to use facilities and bill is charged to their account. * The leisure club’s shop provide to customers wide range of sports goods such as clothing, golf clubs and tennis racquets. For members there is 10 % discount. * The club provides qualified coaches for different sports that can be booked to give lessons to individuals or groups. The fee is charged for each lesson and the company receives half of the fee. Types of members Type of membership Description Individual They are any one of the ages from 16 to 60, who are not students, under corporate or affiliated team member. Student This membership is available to anyone over 16 and under 25 years of age who is in full time education. Senior For elderly people who are over the age of 60. Corporate For nominated employees from a company who has account with the leisure centre. Family This is available up to 2 adults and 4 children. Children who are under the age of 12 can only join the club as part of a family membership. Affiliated team Available to local sports teams. It allows them for priority bookings and discount rates for regular bookings. Functions of each department within the clubs The club shop The primary function of the shop is to sell sports equipment. However the sales assistants are also responsible for replenishing the stock on display from the stockroom. Also the shop can take bookings for the facilities. They hold all their stock item’s details and quantities on the database. When a member purchase an item, the item code is typed in and the description and the price is displayed on the screen. Also the member’s number is entered from their membership card. This allows them to identify the member and available discount is automatically calculated. The shop also allows members to pay through their account, cash, cheque or credit card. If credit card is used, the Sales assistant has to contact the credit card Company, usually by telephone, to check the credit availability. Receipt is issued when the sale is complete and the appropriate stock item quantities are decreased. The Sales manager is responsible for regulating the stock of all equipment. The sales manager has to make sure that the quantities are up to the required levels. If there is a shortage of any equipment, the database automatically produces a report. This operates at the end of each working day. The following day, the Sales manager telephones the appropriate equipment suppliers and orders the equipment required. The confirmed purchase orders are printed and sent by post. The shop also has specially printed carrier bags for customer’s purchases. The design of the bag changes every year however it always includes the Hit and Run name and logo. Every year the Sales and Marketing Director negotiates a new order for bags for all clubs. Administration The administration manager handles all applications for membership with the help of assistant. The administration assistants are responsible for all office procedures within a club. They produce and post out all correspondence from the club such as letters to members. They also produces invoices for goods and services. One of the administration assistants is responsible for updating the member’s details on database and also ordering membership cards. The summary of all membership transactions which include new members, bookings and membership renewals, is sent to Head office on a floppy disk. The floppy disk also contains information about financial summaries for shop sales, membership and booking fees and lastly a summary of all purchase orders raised. Administration assistant sends all the invoices received by suppliers on the goods received or service done, to head office. This is done at the end of each week. Head office then deals with the payment. Most important function of Administration department is keeping records of the hours worked by each member of the club’s staff along with any coaching fees received. The information is sent to the Human Resource department in head office. The human resource department deals with the information so that wages due can be calculated and paid. Reception Reception department deals with bookings. When a member books facilities, receptionist take member number on a booking login screen together with expiry date on the card. The member’s details are displayed on the screen. Receptionist asks for member’s address and name. When it is confirmed booking screen is displayed. The member’s number is copied onto the booking screen. Also code for facility, the date and the start time is required. The booking system then checks the availability of the facility and if it is the booking is confirmed. Then a booking card is produced containing the information to the member. Reception also deals with members checking in. The member provides the receptionist with the booking number. The details of the booking are displayed on the computer when the booking number is typed in on a check in screen. The receptionist checks and allocation of the facility is confirmed. Then another card is printed for the member. This confirms that the facility has been booked. Facilities maintenance The facilities manager deals with maintenance of all the buildings and facilities in the club. Outdoor facilities such as pitches and the golf course are maintained b a team of green keepers. A team of maintenance staff maintains the indoor facilities and the structure of the buildings. The facilities manager must schedule regular maintenance. This will reduce the chance of member’s disruption on using facilities and also to make efficient use of available staff. The manager also contacts contractors from outside the club for tasks such as the servicing or repair of mowers, rowing machines and other equipment. Once a month the manager contacts suppliers for cleaning materials. Coaching Qualified coaches provide lessons for each of sports. They provide this service to groups or individuals. They also supervise the use of club facilities. The head coach is responsible for ordering sports equipment needed such as tennis balls, shuttlecocks, nets or racquets. This is sent off to the suppliers by fax. Suppliers to the club and relationship between these suppliers and the department/individuals within the company * Sports equipment retailers – They provide stocks for the shop in the clubs. The sales manager phones the suppliers when there are shortage of equipment. They also provide equipment for the coaching department. * Card Company – They provide membership cards for the administration department. The administration assistant sends the details of the membership card. * Cleaning material suppliers – They provide cleaning materials to the facilities maintenance department. The facilities manager places the order. * Maintenance equipment service – The service is provided for repairing or servicing mowers, rowing machines and other equipment for facilities maintenance department. Facilities manager also places the order. * Carrier bag suppliers – They provide carrier bags for the sport shop. The sales manager and marketing manager change the design every year. The supplier provides yearly allocation. * ICT service and suppliers – The club uses ICT facilities. There are computer workstations at the main desk, in the sports shop, administration office and the General Manger’s office. They need software, which hold data for all sports equipment in sports shop. Also for membership database and booking data. The ICT suppliers along with ICT department in head office supply this.

Care Plan for Neuman

Pt will assist with ADL’s to the highest degree possible over the next 30 days. Ace with bathe and dress self with min-assist/supervision and cues in 90 days. | 1. Encourage patient to be accountable for specific aspects of care (i. e. brush teeth daily)2. Set up grooming items and encourage participation3. Assist with ADL’s if Ace is unable4. Encourage, cue and assist to select clothing and dress appropriately daily5. Ambulate pt with assist (as directed by PT)6. Monitor for c/o discomfort, foul smelling, and discolored urine 7. Assist with and encourage good peri-care with each toileting 8. Educate pt on breaking tasks into small steps. Limit choices to two, and provide reminder and cues during tasks   | 1. Primary2. Secondary4. Primary5. Secondary6. Primary7. Primary8. Teritary |   Risk for impaired skin integrity R/T immobility, mechanical pressure sheer. | Ace will be turned/repositioned Q 2 hrs. with assist of 1-2 people. Ace will complete transfers with min-mod assist of 1 as required. Ace will be out of bed daily, as tolerated, transfers will be with assist of 1-2 staff as required. | 1. While in bed staff with assist Ace to turn/reposition self-using pillows and wedges to maintain position. 2. Place call light w/in easy reach3. PT to educate Ace on assistive devices4. Remind and encourage Ace to call for assistance when needed5. Ace will be out of bed to chair daily as tolerated  | 1. Primary2. Secondary3. Primary4. Secondary5. Teritary|   Impaired physical mobility related to neuromuscular impairment r/t Hypertension, Occlusion within vessels of the brain parenchyma disruption of blood supply in the brain area, tissue and cell necrosis.   Ace will be free of injury for next 30 days. | 1. Change position Q 2 hrs. 2. Teaching related to ambulation and transfers by PT/OT and nursing. 3. Evaluation and education of assistive devices as directed by therapies. 4. Education on diet, nutrition and speech consult 5. Encourage use of non-skid shoes/footwear6. Provides safety measures (side rails up, using pillows to support body part)  | 1. Primary2. Tertiary3. Terti ary4. Primary5. Secondary6. Primary| Care Plan for Neuman Pt will assist with ADL’s to the highest degree possible over the next 30 days. Ace with bathe and dress self with min-assist/supervision and cues in 90 days. | 1. Encourage patient to be accountable for specific aspects of care (i. e. brush teeth daily)2. Set up grooming items and encourage participation3. Assist with ADL’s if Ace is unable4. Encourage, cue and assist to select clothing and dress appropriately daily5. Ambulate pt with assist (as directed by PT)6. Monitor for c/o discomfort, foul smelling, and discolored urine 7. Assist with and encourage good peri-care with each toileting 8. Educate pt on breaking tasks into small steps. Limit choices to two, and provide reminder and cues during tasks   | 1. Primary2. Secondary4. Primary5. Secondary6. Primary7. Primary8. Teritary |   Risk for impaired skin integrity R/T immobility, mechanical pressure sheer. | Ace will be turned/repositioned Q 2 hrs. with assist of 1-2 people. Ace will complete transfers with min-mod assist of 1 as required. Ace will be out of bed daily, as tolerated, transfers will be with assist of 1-2 staff as required. | 1. While in bed staff with assist Ace to turn/reposition self-using pillows and wedges to maintain position. 2. Place call light w/in easy reach3. PT to educate Ace on assistive devices4. Remind and encourage Ace to call for assistance when needed5. Ace will be out of bed to chair daily as tolerated  | 1. Primary2. Secondary3. Primary4. Secondary5. Teritary|   Impaired physical mobility related to neuromuscular impairment r/t Hypertension, Occlusion within vessels of the brain parenchyma disruption of blood supply in the brain area, tissue and cell necrosis.   Ace will be free of injury for next 30 days. | 1. Change position Q 2 hrs. 2. Teaching related to ambulation and transfers by PT/OT and nursing. 3. Evaluation and education of assistive devices as directed by therapies. 4. Education on diet, nutrition and speech consult 5. Encourage use of non-skid shoes/footwear6. Provides safety measures (side rails up, using pillows to support body part)  | 1. Primary2. Tertiary3. Terti ary4. Primary5. Secondary6. Primary|

The huge salaries of some top athletes from an economic perspective Essay

The huge salaries of some top athletes from an economic perspective - Essay Example The paper tells that in the opinions of many researchers and media personalities, the salaries of athletes are too high. However, judging from a series of empirical studies and economic theory arguments, the opposite of this notion is true. Few players earn extremely high wages, most likely due to the innate characteristics of the sport labour markets both on the production and on demand sides. Through the introduction of broadcasting channels in the second half of the 20th century, the salaries of players have substantially grown, as people have exhibited exceeding interest in the need to watch sports as a preferable entertainment mode. Looking into the wages of the highest earning players, boxing produced the top two earners. Floyd Mayweather and Manny Pacquiao top the list with the latter earning $160million, $140 less than that earned by the former. Soccer had the third and four largest earners Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi, who pocket $79.6million and $73.8million respectiv ely. Roger Federer and Lebron James become the highest paid tennis and basketball players, earning $67 million and $64.8million respectively. The demand for labour in the sport market is a derived demand, which depends on the final product’s demand produced by the labour. The rigid supply of sport stars explains why the wages of professional sport stars is relatively high. The quality of demand and production of professional sport stars is not dependent on the increasing or decreasing numbers of consumers, though the market has a structure that can prevent practices such as free riding.

How can we cure the ills of bureaucracy without adding more Essay

How can we cure the ills of bureaucracy without adding more bureaucrats to do the job - Essay Example Another popular solution is to outsource, to hire a private company to do part of the organization’s job. This tends to look more efficient on paper, as it can appear that one is just writing a check to a company and receiving back completed work. In practice, this is rarely any more efficient, as it adds at least one more layer of middlemen to take their time and take their cut, and it depends on the idea that the company doing the work is itself somehow immune to the ills of bureaucracy. Then, too, once the contract is assigned, the incentive on the contracted company is to entrench itself and its contract as firmly as any heirloom system. The best available solution at present seems to be the adoption of low-friction systems and practices—low-friction in the sense of providing little resistance to the free movement of information, goods, money, or personnel. When information can flow freely and unrestricted, the possibilities develop rapidly, because everything else follows information. In times gone by, for example, a long-haul trucker, even one who owned his own truck, was dependent on a company to organize his runs, because managing the information about who needed what hauled to where was a full time job. Now that same trucker can simply log into a database and see available freight jobs for the entire country.

Overall Corporate Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Overall Corporate Strategy - Essay Example This created separate corporate goals for the company but retail food business became the focus. Moreover, success in different markets led the company to further acquire businesses somewhat related and unrelated to its main portfolio. Hence, further diversifying in terms of products and geographical expansion of the company resulted in problems for managers, as they were unable to cope up with this rapid diversification. As a result, a retrenchment strategy was put into practice by the company to ensure that every business division is profitable. If not, then those failing businesses would be closed. This transforming strategy has given focus to front-line businesses, as these businesses have been the most profitable. Moreover, the food, beverages, and household businesses have good potential in terms of growth. Furthermore, the company is keen on making cost savings. To implement this, the company has introduced Project Accelerate, which includes cost savings techniques. Management believes that focusing on these promising businesses will save them loads of money, as these businesses are already well-positioned in the market and can increase the overall return on investment. Regarding the long-term attractiveness of industries in Sara Lee’s business portfolio, my analysis is that the retail industry and the food service industry have huge potential. Since Sara Lee has an established presence in the retail industry, it will definitely be able to increase its market share. The company is successful in supplying meat (retail) not only to consumers but also to foodservice customers. As a result, sales of meats have increased considerably. Moreover, the company is using its competitive advantage by using focusing on grocery items, which resulted in $100 million revenue to the company in 2008. Moreover, 10 out of 12 core products have recorded an increase in market share in 2010. However, between 2008 and 2010, the divisional sales of Sara Lee have grown faster than any other food processed company, as the market share of the company increased from 9.2% in 2009 to 12.3% in 2010.

Equal Opportunity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Equal Opportunity - Essay Example The 'equal access' mentioned may then be applied to the circumstances in which individuals receive their education, it being argued that equal opportunity in the test requires equal opportunity to acquire the skills to be tested. This may lead to a demand for equal conditions in the period before the rationing, or a demand that, because those conditions have not in fact been equal, the procedure take account of the previous relative lack of resources or opportunities of some competitors by discriminating in their favour (Political Dictionary). In the simplest terms, hiring someone based solely on ethnicity, gender, age, religion, political affiliation or sexual orientation is equally as wrong as refusing to hire a person for the same reasons. Equal opportunity practices include those that are race-blind or gender-blind, and those that involve or require affirmative action or reverse discrimination (referred to as 'positive discrimination' in the UK). The United States1 federal govern ment and various state and local governments require affirmative action in governmental hiring and contracting (Equal). ... Equal opportunity is often criticized on utilitarian grounds because the burden of equal opportunity regulations results in decreased productivity of the businesses, thus reducing well-being of all classes. But, the concept of Equal Opportunity requires that legal censure be taken against those who do not give up their prejudices. Legal censure by the state is objectionable to some. However, in the absence of Equal Opportunity, legal censure would also have to be taken against social and religious activists who aim for equality in society. Equal Opportunity is often considered separate from basic Freedoms. For example, Freedom of Speech is usually not within the realm of Equal Opportunity but rather within basic rights. Equal Opportunity consists of additional elements crucial to a meritocracy, such as: Consideration for employment, housing, and education free from immutable characteristics such as race, age, or disability; Equal access to goods and services from the government The term "equal opportunity" is synonymous with "non-discrimination". Social equity in the labour market is a stronger requirement: it implies that the benefits of employment are broadly and equitably distributed (Report, 1996). Social equality is a social state of affairs in which certain different people have the same status in a certain respect, at the very least in voting rights, freedom of speech and assembly, the extent of property rights as well as the access to education, health care and other social securities. Thus, in practice, equal opportunity is said to exist when people with similar abilities reach similar results after doing a similar amount of work. Indeed, equal opportunity and equality of outcome are often seen as complementary. Equal

Describe and discuss Key Points of Diversity and Unity within Essay

Describe and discuss Key Points of Diversity and Unity within 'Hinduism' - Essay Example Not only does this word help a vast people affiliate themselves with the same theological faith but also does it pronounce the way to lead the perfect life on earth, given the follies and foibles life encompasses as well as the problems that people are accosted with. Again, as mentioned, Hinduism is no mere binding force that includes people from diverse backgrounds but is like a salad bowl wherein the individualities can be ascertained very easily though they appear to be part of a single entity. This is one unique feature of Hinduism and has lent unity in diversity to the religion. Lipner (2004), in his celebrated book, Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, asserts the true meaning of Hinduism. The author is of the opinion that Hinduism as a term in the general order of terms belonging to the ‘ism’ category is unique and differs from all others in form as well as content. According to Lipner (2004), Hinduism is like a banyan tree with all its branches. The sim ile of the banyan tree has been well explained by the author when he opines that the religion is basically an amalgamation of various ancient roots and branches, essentially â€Å"polycentric† though united as well as indistinguishable at times and â€Å"macrocosmically one†. This pattern of diversity is unique and lends variety to the same. However, he has also opined that the simile of the banyan tree is not applicable from all points of views. Since a banyan tree looks the same from all angles, so the simile of the banyan tree cannot be said to be apt from all view points since in case of Hinduism the point of view changes from time to time depending on the basis on which we are trying to take a look at Hinduism as a banyan tree. A further explanation of the reason why Hinduism does not appear to be a banyan tree is because though it may be a homogenous entity since the word Hindu refers to people belonging to a single faith, however, it is also a block reality (Lip ner, 2004). Other theoreticians have also echoed the same thoughts as well as philosophies. Smith (1964) has been of the opinion that Hinduism is something that does not exist in reality given the fact that this particular word envisages encompassing so diverse a range of meanings in itself that it is but an impossible pursuit. Vertovec (2000) has interestingly noted his own interpretation of Hinduism. The author mentions that his definition of a Caribbean Hindu is not one who continually changes as per the demands of the situation but adapts to the social practices that he or she is in and also negotiates one’s position with the externalities that befall the Hindu individual. This again points out to the fact that not only in India but the world over, Hindus or followers of Hinduism have exhibited the same pattern of behavior. This natural propensity towards diversity is what sets Hinduism apart from all other reasons. Lipner (2004) has given another very interesting definit ion that Hinduism stands for a â€Å"family of culturally similar traditions†. This is indeed enough to give us initial insight into what Hinduism actually is. Of course, the homogeneity of existence among the followers of Hinduism becomes apparent. However, it also becomes clear that more than the existence of God or the convergence of religious beliefs, this is one religion that is enmeshed with the social life of the population and this is exactly

How the leader can maintain high quality performance Research Proposal

How the leader can maintain high quality performance - Research Proposal Example In terms of leadership theories, leaders can help maintain high quality performance by applying the applicable leadership style depending on the situation, the characteristics and personalities of the followers and the organizational goals. According to Martires (2004), â€Å"morale boosting is related to productivity and is an important function of leadership. Studies show that high morale is accompanied by high productivity. Good leadership effects a positive correlation between morale and productivity† (133). Leaders must be able to design and institute a balanced system of rewards and control, to monitor the progress of their subordinates, to appraise their performance and to motivate them towards the accomplishment of clearly defined tasks. Leaders acknowledge that the benefits of motivating, developing and training their followers contribute to high performance and productivity. Not only should leaders work towards achieving organizational goals, but also the personal an d professional goals of their followers. By acknowledging that leaders are genuinely committed towards the holistic development of people, would they be able to ensure that a high quality of performance is adhered to at all times. Work Cited Martires, Concepcion R.

Miracle on St Davids Day by Gillian Clarke Essay Example for Free

Miracle on St Davids Day by Gillian Clarke Essay Miracle on St Davids Day is an enchanting, and ultimately optimistic poem relating to the theme of identity by Gillian Clarke. The poem tells the story of a man in a mental institution, who exceeds the expectation of both the nurses and his fellow patients when he regains the ability to talk. In the first stanza of the poem, Gillian Clarke describes the country house in what seems to be an idyllic setting, The sun treads the path among cedars and enormous oaks, it might be a country house, guests strolling. However despite the seemingly pleasant tone, implied by the use of her making it seem informal, through the relaxed wondering of what the House may have been, might be a country house, guests strolling, suggesting normality her use of the word might alerts the reader that this idyllic setting may be an illusion and not what it first seems. The illusion of normality is swiftly extracted by the opening line of the second stanza, I am reading poetry to the insane. This line ends with a certain finality, that is so abrupt that it disturbs the so far, flowing effect to the poem, also implying informality and normality, to the effects that it shocks the reader, not only in the disrupted rhythm of the poem but also in the disturbingly blunt reality of what she is saying. Furthermore this is shocking because it is not commonplace for people to be reading poetry to the insane. Gillian Clarke does this numerous times during the poem in order to stop the reader, so that the poem does not ramble, and make it more interesting, A beautiful chestnut-haired boy listens entirely absorbed. A schizophrenic. This use of contrast between the descriptive lines of the opening stanza and the flat, and remarkably blunt, tones of this line introduce the reader to the contrast between the setting and the guests. As we can observe from the line following, I am reading poetry to the insane, which instantly restores the mood of the poem to informal with the humor, of the old woman who is constantly offering the narrator coal, when it is March and she would have no means of getting coal. By the use of having the woman saying humorous things, Gillian Clarke is also contrasting her with the other patients at the home, as she is the only one who is talking. The poem also uses poetic devises such as personification, An afternoon yellow and open mouthed. It uses metaphors, In a cage of first march sun, and similes such as, Outside the daffodils are still as wax, to make the poem more interesting to read, and also without these techniques the imagery of the poem, that the people in the home are daffodils would not be portrayed and the final message of the poem would not be presented to the reader. Thus the poem would be pointless. Gillian Clarke also uses enjambment in the poem, which disturbs the flow of the poem, and I think is also relating to the disturbed personalities of the patients in the home. Enjambment is effectively used in the third to fourth stanzas, as this is a rambling scene of the immense man struggling to get to his chair, and so Clarke reflects this in the appropriate use of enjambment between the stanzas. The first March sun is described as a cage in the third verse as it is saying that for these people who have no fre edom, even their enjoyment of the sun is trapping them, and they have no choice but to be out absorbed in it. These poetic devices are also used to build up the character of the man in the poem. In the third stanza where the man is introduced, he is described as a big, mild man, and a laborer, who is being tenderly led. This use of contrasting language informs the reader that even though the man is large in size he has to be tenderly led like a child, continuing to imply to the reader that there is something wrong with him. This is confirmed in the forth verse where he is described as rocking, a common action by insane people as it comforts them. His description is also emphasized by the repetition of the words big, mild and dumb. These words make him seem even more immense, which is odd when they are combined with mild. When the huge laboring man speaks he is in beautiful surroundings reciting a poem about daffodils, which is not only being ironic but is breaking the stereotype of laborers being very masculine and rather insensitive, whereas here he is being portrayed as almost feminine and extremely sensitive. What strikes me most prominently when reading the poem is the amount of imagery used to bring emphasis to the overall meaning of Clarkes poem and to make it more interesting. She has chosen the Daffodils, by W. Wordsworth, as the music that the mute man chooses to speak after forty years of silence. I believe that she has also chosen to describe the man who cannot speak as mute as it is also a musical term, and so therefore is not just emphasizing that there is no speech in his life, but also that there is no music, relating with happiness and merriment, and therefore is saying that without speech there is no joy in the laborers life. However when the rhythm of the poetry he is read awakens him, it appears to turn apparent life into reality. The poem is a possible way to show his waking from a world of misery to a reality of natures beauty and rhythm, Since the dumbness of misery fell he has remembered there was a music of speech and that once he had something to say. This is also playing on the word dumbness, as dumbness aside from meaning stupidity also is relating to the man who cannot speak as a person who is mute can also be described as, dumb. Informing us that the poem is saying that music is good, as when he cannot speak, and there is no music, it is described as, misery and when this, falls, and he has remembered that there is something to say a thrush sings, representing happiness, and the once, wax still daffodils are flame, representing excitement, life and activity. Therefore Gillian Clarke is saying that the man was not properly alive until the music in his life was restored. He is reciting poetry because what he has heard from the nurses in the institution has restored his memory and he has remembered a poem that he had learnt as a child at school. We know this because Clarke informs us in verse thirty-one, Forty years ago, in a Valleys school, the class recited poetry by rote. I believe that Gillian Clarkes poem is also relating to music through this imagery. Since the dumbness of misery fell he has remembered there was a music of speech and that once he had something to say. When he speaks there is an immediate exchange of characteristics, the once lifeless patients are alert and the nurses are frozen as the patients once were. I also notice that in Clarkes poem the daffodils seem to represent the people at the home. At the start of the poem the daffodils are open mouthed showing the way that the patients dont react to the poetry, as this is the face that people use when they are bored and not listening. Their open mouths show how unreceptive the patients are, once again removing any sense of normality as Gillian Clarke alienates them from ordinary sane people. When the miracle of the man speaking occurs the flowers are silent and still, showing that far from the boredom and lack of interest displayed before, everyone is amazed. We can deduct that the daffodils are not merely flowers, by the use of lines such as, their syllables unspoken, as obviously, flowers can speak no syllables. I think that the use of the candle related words throughout the poem are deliberate, when the flowers are as still as, wax, the man is not speaking and when he does they are a flame, which is representing that the mans hope, which has always been there, the wax, but when he speaks it is a flame. It is alive. I think that the, first bird of the year in the breaking darkness is symbolic as the first bird of the year, is representing the first speech in the mans life for many years, and the darkness which is now breaking is the bad times of when he could not speak. His first words in many years are described as a bird, as this also relates to the theme of music. Gillian Clarke effectively alienates the patients in the home and portrays the fact that although they are physically there, they mentally are not by the constant use of word absent, I read to their presences, their absences. St Davids Day by Gillian Clarke illustrates the theme of identity through the use of including people in a mental institution, as they have no identity. Yet after forty years a mans identity breaks through. I believe that this poem is trying to communicate the fact that everyone has an identity; no matter how masked it is from the rest of the world, and by the use of describing them with flowers that cannot speak (which have inner beauty, she is saying that everyone has some kind of identity and beauty. Emotion plays an important part in the poem humor, misery and shock are shown to us and this makes the poems more realistic. Ultimately I feel the reason this is a very effective poem is that the use of daffodils and Wordsworth is subtle but carries a significant meaning that is backed up by the tone of the rest of the poem. I find that the poem is truly touching and although the main message of the poem is quite discrete, the way that it is portrayed makes it seem that you, the reader are really experiencing the miracle.

Critical Regionalism Was First Introduced Cultural Studies Essay

Critical Regionalism Was First Introduced Cultural Studies Essay The idea of critical regionalism has been heard in architecture society. Vitruvius discussed regional variations in architecture in his ten books, and the Romantics propounded picturesque regionalism during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. However, regionalism seems to against the theory of modernism and postmodernism, both of which were thought to have failed to address the human condition in their extreme stances towards historicism. Thus from the question, how to become modern and to return to sources? by Alexander Tzonis and Liane Lefaivre hypothesize critical regionalism as the solution. The term was originally introduced by Tzonis and Lefaivre in their article The Grid and the Pathway, where critical regionalism was presented as the third and latest type of regionalism in Greece, succeeding the English picturesque of nationalist regionalism and the Neoclassical historicist regionalism. Here, modern architecture is thought to be remote and massive, destroying the hu manistic character in architectural term which would be stated by a new form of regionalism. Frampton follows the lead of Tzonis and Lefaivre in exploring the theory critical regionalism. In the article Towards a Critical Regionalism, Frampton defines critical regionalism as an architecture of resistance, seeking to mediate the impact of universal civilization with elements derived indirectly from the peculiarities of a particular place, Thus aiming to reflect and serve the limited constituencies in which it was grounded. It is a resistance in the sense that it is a reaction against universal standards, culture homogenization and placeless modernism, but at the same time critical in its outlook; self-evaluating such that is is confrontational with not only the world but also to itself. According to Tzonis and Lefaivre, this self-reflective function is executed through the method of defamiliarization, in contrast to the romantic regionalism of familiarization, which employed nostalgic picturesque elements from a foregone era. This process entails selecting regional elements and incorporating them in a way that may appear distant, as if it were the sense of place in a strange sense of displacement, seeking to disrupt the sentimental link between the building and the place, and thus in this sense a reaction agaist the romantic sentimentality of pictureresque follies. Postmodernism, as its name suggests, aspired to succeed modernism whose ideals and norms were seen as responsible for the numerous failures that characterized most reconstruction and urban renewal projects realized since World War II. Having pledged to bring architecture out of a state of stagnation and disrepute due to reductive, technocratic and bureaucratic dogmas of modernism as well as its indifference, if not hostility towards history and culture, postmodernism buildings, apart from their superficial features, were qualitatively not much different from their predecessors. With few exceptions, museum buildings, such as the National Gallery in London and pricate houses in the United states, such as those by Robert Stern, the re-introduction of historical knowledge and cultural issues to design was merely skin-deep. Regionalism was not the term the architects themselves were reffering to. It was a conceptual device that we chose to use as a tool of analysis. The concept of regionalism here indicated an approach to design giving priority to the identity of the particular rather than universal dogmas. The awareness of a regional architecture as an idiom having a distinct identity and being associated with an identifiable group, and having this association used for further manipulating the groups identity. Goes as far back as ancient Greece. It was the Greeks that in the context of the politics of control and competition between their polis and their colonies used architectural elements to represent the identity of a group occupying a piece of land, or the virtual presence of a group among other groups in a Pan-Hellenic institution such as Delphi or Olympia. Doric, Ionic and Corinthian, were not abstract decorative terms. They originated in the concrete historical context of fission and fusion of regions and identities and their use was frequently loaded with complex political meanings, carving supra-regional identities and relations. The Roman architect and author, Vitruvius, who extensively discussed the Doric or Ionic temples without referring to the term Classical, does refer by name regional architecture, pointing to the difference in building around the world which he explains through climatic conditions and draws a parallel to the variations in the physique of people and concludes that the arrangement of buildings should be guided by locality and climate. In the very end, however, he did not imply regional pluralism and respect for difference. The new global order consists of an effective interconnection of the whole planet by means of a reticular network of communication and exchange. It threatens individual variety and difference throught universalization of practices, but also accentuates the worst of a world of differences. It polarizes further a hierarchical dependance of regional differences rather than encouraging the diversity necessary for creativity. Enhancing a world to come about within which preserving, exploring and mining regional differences brings about a world more genuinely global. The picture of critical regionalism that emerges from these contributions is in great contrast to the simplistic ideas that the local is good by definition, that sustaining community and nature means both blind conservation and resistance to change and that understanding the context is a simple process that requires no special effort or analysis. The traditions are always contested, transformed, resisted and invented. One of the most significant aspects of the quality ofn the built environment whish has been systematically ignored and violated by superficial thinking, biased judgement and seductive illusions is the skin of buildings. The impact of bad choices of materials on the skin of a building is not immediate. It is here that deep knowledge of the materials and the climatic attributes of a particular area is needed that cannot be substituted by reductive technical descriptions and even more by photographic media reproductions. The thoughtless transfer of glass as well as concrete to the tropical region led to indifferent if not hostile environments. American architect Ralph T.Walker, like Mumford, he was highly critical of the older. He spoke out at length, and his comments deserve to be reproduced: I have been around South America recently and I have just came back from Europe, and I find everywhere that modern architecture means a slab on pillars. It means the same thing in the United States because you pick up the architectural magazines and practically every issue has as its leading number a slab on pillars Functionalism of materials has blazed our thinking around the world because you will find that the building in Rio for the Education Ministry looks exactly like a building that was designed for a giraffe in the London Zoo, and it looks exactly like the building that has been designed for the United Nations. In other words, you have a cover of unthinking uncritical acceptance of things. He went on to argue that what was needed was humanism because it is the basis of all art and what we are trying to do first of all is to develop surroundings for people to live in, that will give them the greatest amount of the happiness and warmth of life. The first point on which Mumford broke with older forms of regionalism was in his approach to tradition. Although he ded advocate the preservation of actual historical buildings, notably those built in the vernacular brick tradition of the South, which deserves to be regarded with a far more appreciative eye than people usually apply to it, he was opposed to their imitation in new buildings. Let us be clear about this, the forms that poeple used in other civilizations or in other periods of our own countrys history were intimately part of the while structure of their life. There is no method of mechanically reproducing these forms or bringing then back to life; it is a piece of rank materialism to attempt to duplicate some earlier form, because of its delight for the eye, without realizing how empty a form is without the life that one supported it. There is no such thing as a modern colonial house any more than there is such a thing as a modern Tudor house. The philosophic problem of the general and the particular has its counterpart in architecture; and during the last century that problem has shaped itself more and more into the question of what weight should be given to the universal imprint of the machine and the local imprint of the region and the communitu Mumford in the south in architecture. MEANS every regional culture necessarily has a universal side to it. It is steadily open to influences that come from other parts of the world, and from other cultures, separated from the local region in space or time or both together. It would be usefyul if we formed the habit of never using the world regional without mentally adding to it the idea of universal remembering the constant contact and interchange between local scene and the wide world that lies beyond it. To ideas or technical methods that originate elsewhere as with a human being, every culture must both be itself and transcend itself; it must make the most of its limitations and must pass beyond them; it must be open to fresh experience and yet it must maintain its integrity. In no other art is that process ore sharply focused that in architecture. TO CONSIDER THE ENVIRONMENT MEANS TO CONSIDER HISTORYMUMFORD What we call globalization does not consist of an effective interconnection of the whole planet by means of a reticular network of communication and exhange. In reality, our global worlds structure is rather an atlas of radial nuclei and unplugged areas that keeps large zones of silence. Globalization bears a massive and infinite process of concentration from the peripheries to the centres, almost one half of the worlds population lives today in urban environments. This situation creates multiple physical and mental displacements. Globalization has marked two opposing cultural processes. Their interaction constitutes a critical point in the rearticulations of symbolic power and a paradox that signals the epoch. On the other hand, it constitutes the de post moment of expansion of industrial capitalism, which is part of the extension of Europe and its culture since the Renaissance. This expansion has been narrated as a story of the expansion of the world. The acquisition of worldwide power was seen as a globalization: the local Western became universal through the conquest of planetary power, colonialism and the construction of a totalizing rationality from that power. The idea of expansion culminated in an inverse notion, that of contraction: the world becomes smaller day by day, and even a global village. Western culture was imposed as an operating metaculture of the contemporary world. This was done with the purpose of conversion and domination, but implicity meant generalized access. If imposition seeks to convert the other, access facilitated using this metaculture for the others own, different ends, transforming the metaculture from within. Western metaculture has become a paradoxical means for the affirmation of difference, and for the rearticulating subaltern camps interest in post-colonial times. Hence globalization times are simultaneously those of the difference. This is the other contradictory process to which I referred at the beginning. The existence of an operative metaculture has allowed the globalization of difference beyond the local environments. This cultural globalization implies an interaction between the extended Western metaculture and the cultural plurality of the world. If the first maintains its hemegonic character, the others have taken advantage of its capacity for international broadcasting to supersede local frameworks. Besides, any vast expansion, such as Buddhism in Asia or the Latin language in the Roman Empire, carries a high degree of tension that opens pores and cracks. This globalization-differentation process is an intricate conflictive articulation of forces more than dual dialectics. It implies contaminations, mixtures and contradictions in many directions, although it direct current processes of culture, it cannot be taken passively, as a necessary inclination that occurs without any pressyre exerted by the subaltern sectors. Among other problems, there is the metacultural tendency to generalize practices from many diverse environments from yoga to karate in consumer-driven, culturaly aseptic method as isolated elements of a cosmopolitan mosaic. Nevertheless, some of the most successful experiences in non-occidental regions have consisted, as in the case of Japan, in managing Westernization to their benefit, empowering it from their own different background. It is in this labyrinth of displacements and ambiguities where the current cultural power lies. It becomes more evident that at this point there ir no viable return to pre-colonial traditions, because that would consist precisely of regression to the myth of an unpolluted past with a small margin of action in the contemporary world. The issue is to build the contemporary from a plurality of experiences that are able to transform the metaculture, Even when imposed by a dominant culture over a dominated one, cultural appropriation is not a passive phenomenon. Receivers always transform, resignify and use according to their visions and interests. Appropriation, and especially the incorrect one, is usually a process of originality, understood as a new creation of meaning. Cultural debate ahs become a political arena for power struggle, both in the symbolic and the social aspects. It is seen both in the cultural adjustments that the subaltern and peripheral sectors are making, as well as in the heterogenization that immigrants are causing in the contemporary megalopolis. Every alrge city today is a dynamic crossroads of cultures. There are many and diverse people incorrectly and unabashedly reworking Western metaculture in their own way, de-eurocentralizing it in plural form. What we call postmodernity is, in good measure, the result of overlapping of all these contradictory processes, they also determine an extraordinary dynamic of identities, with complex adjustments: multiple identities, identities in the form of chinese boxes, neo-identities, mixture of identities, displacement among them, ethnic gamesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦all borders mutate and turn into the critical spaces of our age. The birder and its culture have become paradigms of contemporary cultural processes, but these and other paradigms are at risk of developing into a narrative of harmonization of diversity, leveling contradicitons and masking confrontation of interests. The essay aims to discuss about the loss of cultural identity in this modern society, which lead to the loss of vernacular architecture. Basically vernacular architecture is a category of architecture based on localized needs and construction materials, and reflecting local traditions. It tends to evolve over time to reflect the environmental, cultural, technological and historical context in which it exists. The building methods are tested through trial-and-error by the society as the people constructing the structure tends to be the person who will use it. However, nowadays, people have mistaken the meaning of cultural identity, they tend to re-create the vernacular architecture into a purpose space where the tradition has been reinvigorate to a resort. People have tried to modernize the vernacular architecture, but still, loss of culture identity is the problem or the modern vernacular. What is vernacular architecture in peoples view nowadays? Will people still respect the culture identity? Why is the topic important in the world or in the context of design? As nowadays, vernacular architecture is gradually disappeared in this modern society. People have started to copy the authenticity to attract the ever-increasing tourists. Figures in architecture hence become less to do with a response to materials and more to do with the associative at tributes of particular shapes and forms. Why is this happening? It was because a global homogenization of the culture of the tourists, an excess of material choice, rapid urbanization, emergence economies, global environmental crisis and politics. Architects have tried using the four ways to modernize the vernacular architecture for now which are reinvigorating, reinventing, extending and reinterpreting tradition, however it still leads to the loss of cultural identity. How will architecture recreate a tradition, a shared ground that provides a basis for the criteria of authenticity and quality? How am I going to approach the topic? The essay will take on a critical regionalism approach of how people view on the vernacular architecture nowadays. Making a point to the loss of culture and how vernacular architecture has slowly fade away, shows how people should react to this issue and also to explain when this vernacular architecture be applied again in this modernized society, create spaces of authenticity of a tradition.

The Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit (MOCAD) :: Art Gallery Review

The Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit (MOCAD) had three different artists work on display. It was split up into three different rooms the first room was Design 99 To Much of a Good Thing and in the next room is Latoya Ruby Frazier Mother May I and in the last room was Jef Geys Woodward Avenue. The art that was on display was not traditional art work. All of the artist’s work displayed in the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit was out of the box thinking. The flow in each exhibit made it easy to move from one piece of art work to another piece of work. There are many different styles in the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit (MOCAD) like industrial design, expressionism and art that has repetition. In the Design 99 Too Much of a Good Thing exhibit was not traditional art but found objects that were then change or to make something new out of different items. In this exhibit there are some pieces of art was walk-trough art. The artists idea was to take found materials and utilitarian objects to propose creative solutions to complex problems. The art named The Neighborhood Machine 2010 1996 773 Bobcat is an example of industrial design. The bobcat is a moving sculpture and parts are functional. The other exhibit is Latoya Ruby Frazier Mother May I which is photos and video of the artists grandmother, mother and herself. The photos show real and raw emotions of the artists homes and family life. When looking at the photos you could feel the emotion captured in the photo. When looking at the pieces of art work there was a rhythm that moved you from one piece of work to another piece of work. These photographs were not posed so there is a raw emotion of the relationship between grandmother, mother and herself. The last exhibit in the MOCAD is the Woodward Avenue by artist Jef Geys. The style of this art would have to fall under realism. The art captures the Detroit plants along Woodward Avenue at every intersection beginning at Cadillac and ending at Sagn inaw Street. In this exhibit you see dried specimens with the corresponding scientific description, photographs, specific maps and there are drawings that document the research. This collected images of plants continue the artist’s fascination with documentation, community engagement and art as a way to address larger social issues. This exhibit was interning to me to see all the different plant and to know that plants in the city unknown to most there are often edible, medicinal or even poisonous plants.

Self-government in the Early Colonies :: American Independence

How were the seeds for self-government sown in the early colonies? Why was this important when England started to enforce rules (such as the Intolerable Acts)?   Please give specific examples. Self-governance was a primary idea of the settlers in North America. Once English settlers began to come to the new world in the 1600s, they knew they needed to have their own freedom for themselves, after all that is why they left Great Britain in many cases. Self-governance is most notable in the earliest form of the Mayflower Compact in 1620 for Virginia. Great Britain began to deteriorate the self-governing nature of the colonies in the mid-1700s through various acts it deemed to be necessary. The enforcement of these acts caused the colonists to be unhappy with the actions Great Britain was taking and so the phrase â€Å"taxation without representation is tyranny† came. The Mayflower Compact, signed by some of the earliest settlers of Virginia including John Carter in 1620 was an example of early self-governance in that they established a â€Å"frame such just and equall laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions and offices..for the generall good of the Colonie.† They had left Great Britain with the intention to care for themselves and govern themselves. The Mayflower Compact is one of the earliest examples of people coming together to govern themselves and take control of their future and well-being as a colony without Great Britain. Many others followed suit after them in a manner very similar.4 In the 1760s King George III enacted the Sugar Act and the Stamp act to gain extra revenue from his colonies. King George III decided to enact heavier taxes to put money back into the empire that had been lost after the French and Indian War. This act levied heavy taxes on sugar imported from the West Indies. The Stamp Act in 1765 required that many items have a stamp to prove that the owner had payed for the taxes on the item. The problem the colonists had with it was that it increased the presence of English troops in the Colonies and they felt it was unneeded and only meant to put more control into Great Britain's hands.

Brief Look at Emma by Jane Austen :: Emma Jane Austen Literature Essays

Brief Look at Emma by Jane Austen Mr. Frank Churchill was one of the boasts of Highbury, and a lively curiosity to see him prevailed, though the compliment was so little returned that he had never been there in his life. Now was the time for Mr Frank Churchill to come among them; and the hope strengthened when it was understood that he had written to his new mother on the occasion. "I suppose you have heard of the handsome letter Mr Frank Churchill has written to Mrs Weston? Now, it so happened that in spite of Emma's resolution of never marrying, there was something in the name, in the idea of Mr Frank Churchill, which always interested her. Emma spoke with a very proper degree of pleasure; and fully assented to his proposition of Mr Frank Churchill and Miss Smith making their party quite complete. Then turning to Isabella, who had not been attending before -- "You must know, my dear Mrs Knightley, that we are by no means so sure of seeing Mr Frank Churchill, in my opinion, as his father thinks. Emma, in good spirits too, from the amusement afforded her mind by the expectation of Mr Frank Churchill, was willing to forget his late improprieties, and be as well satisfied with him as before, and on his making Harriet his very first subject, was ready to listen with most friendly smiles. Mr Frank Churchill did not come. Emma was not at this time in a state of spirits to care really about Mr Frank Churchill's not coming, except as a disappointment at Randalls. What has Mr Frank Churchill done, to make you suppose him such an unnatural creature?" If Frank Churchill had wanted to see his father, he would have contrived it between September and January. It is Frank Churchill's duty to pay this attention to his father. Mr Frank Churchill to be making such a speech as that to the uncle and aunt, who have brought him up, and are to provide for him! -- Standing up in the middle of the room, I suppose, and speaking as loud as he could! -- How can you imagine such conduct practicable?" I can imagine, that if you, as you are, Mr Knightley, were to be transported and placed all at once in Mr Frank Churchill's situation, you would be able to say and do just what you have been recommending for him; and it might have a very good effect.

Does the Media Dictate Our Life? Essay

They will view all the notifications first before doing anything else. Such is the situation today where people are very dependent on Social media. Media can be classified into two main types old and new media. Where the old media consist mainly of newspaper while the new media consists of the television and the social media etc. While some may argue that Social media may not be dictating our lives, it is indeed true that it has taken control of our lives in many aspects from our behaviour, perceptions, culture, fashion and more. Thus I strongly believe that media plays an important role in dictating our way of living. Some may argue that media does not dictate our life to a very large extent today mainly due to the fact that people have the ability to categorize what is true and what is not such that they do not easily get influenced by what is shown in the media. Due to people’s ability to critically evaluate all that is shown on the media their lives are not dictated by the media alone but instead, they also have a say in deciding what is important for themselves. However, in reality, it is true that the media does dictate a large portion of our life today. Media plays a deciding role in many aspects of our lives starting from our perception, culture, advocacies, behaviour, environmental awareness as well as political believes. Media plays a vital role in influencing our perceptions of the public as well as the celebrities as the Media chooses what it wished to portray to the public based on what it believes the public would wish to see example Tabloid News about the latest celebrity gossips. In this process, the media has the ability to change the information that they release in order to make it more appealing to the general public. As a result, this causes people to believe the false information that is given in the media mainly because of the fact that people do not truly intent to cross check with other sources. This prevents them from being able to fully distinguish between what is and what is not reality. Moreover, since the media only focuses on sensationalising the news and not merely portraying the message to the public, it leads to the public conjuring up the wrong image about certain people or events. This proves that the media does indeed play a vital role in dictating people’s perceptions on various aspects. Also, the media has now allowed for different culture to spread around the world and has led more people to find out about the popular culture of others around the world . This has now allowed people to embrace the traditions and popular culture that is followed by people in other countries and so influencing people’s willingness and ability to embrace other cultures. For example, Korean Pop also known as K-pop is famous world wide mainly due to the Media. Media paved the way for this popular culture to travel around the world allowing people across the globe to know about it. It is not uncommon to identify a Shinee (a K-Pop band) fan among people not only in Korea but around the world. That is the extent to which media has now allowed people to learn more about others cultures. At the same time, it has also allowed people to understand more about their own culture and roots so that their own heritage is not forgotten. Anyone who wishes to find out more about their own heritage only have to type into google or youtube and they will be bombarded by various information both in terms of articles as well as videos which they could use to improve their knowledge about their own heritage. Thus media plays a vital role in allowing people to understand their own culture and also embrace the culture in other countries The media also plays a vital role in dictating peoples lives due to the fact that it is a platform for governments to spread messages to the public and it is also the platform for people to voice their opinions and raise awareness about the other political systems. Media serves as the basis through which governments may engage in propagation so as to brainwash people into believing that their ruling is the best and they could also influence people into believing that they are happy mainly through censorship where people are not aware of what is actually happening around them. An example pertinent to this would be what is happening in North Korea whether the government is engaging in propagation by controlling the censorship such that it decided what the people should view. During World War II the government decided to portray to the public to the image that the soldiers were doing well though in reality they were not doing very well. As a result, this led people having a false hope and belief that they were doing well and thus affecting their perception of what is happening around them. As a result, people were misinformed about the actual situation yet they were unaware of it as they had fully trusted what was shown in the media. Therefore, it is true that the media completely dictates people’s lives in terms of the information that they receive and thus the type of image that is being portrayed to them Also, the media is responsible for changes in people’s behaviors as well. Media in terms of television, internet, constantly portrays image of celebrities dressed in a particular way and this does to a large extent influence people to follow the same trends as they conjure up the image that that is the latest fashion. Thus results in their changing taste and preference for certain goods and services. This proves that people’s taste and preference is influenced more by what is shown on the television rather than just what they actually like. Moreover, the media can also influence people in terms of their behaviour example, media is one of the main factors for the changing crime rates, violence, sexuality and more. For example, there was a case in India where a student had stabbed his teacher as his teacher had complained to his parents that his proficiency in Hindi was poor and that he had to do something to improve it. When asked what had actually motivated him to do so, the boy had mentioned that he was influenced by a recent Bollywood film called ‘Agneepath’ which had a lot of violent scenes. He mentioned that it was only after watching that movie that he was inclined to stab his teacher. This indeed serves as evidence to show the extent to which the media in its various forms could influence people into believing that certain deeds are fine to do though in reality it may not be therefore causing them to engage in the wrong behaviour In conclusion, it is true that while people choose what to believe and what not to believe, the media ultimately plays a large role in influencing people in various aspects of their lives. It thus becomes a necessity for people to be cautious of what they should believe and what they should take with a pinch of salt. It is of great importance that people do not just blindly believe what is shown in the media but instead practice some critical thinking to decide what is really true and what is not.

Equality And Diversity Within The Workplace Essay

When I am supporting the individuals I work with, I find it vital to always reflect on my work. What I do well, what I don’t do well and improve and enhance my performance. It is important for me to think about and evaluate what I do, as I can always improve to fit the customers needs. I like to focus on how I interact with the customers, and how the environment around them is. I have a reflective log/personal development plan which I fill out and give to my manager each year. It contains examples of what I can do to improve and shape ideas. I also write about my strengths and what I do well. Other than a yearly personal development plan, I am always discussing with my manager and colleagues different and better ways in which we can work as a team to better the lives of the customers we support. When I first began working in care and support, I thought, through following other staff who had worked in the industry a long while, that it was okay to prompt customers to say â€Å"please† and â€Å"thank you†. Since building up my own way of working and knowledge through others, I know that it is right and better for the customers to let them make their own decisions. My own values and beliefs could affect my working practice, as I work with other people who have different beliefs and values. In a professional environment, I have to accept and support the people I work alongside and work for, if I don’t agree with their values or beliefs, I try my hardest to understand their point of view, and of course if it is a customers point of view, I will support them in what they want to do. For example, one of the ladies I support openly admits she is racist, and she stands by her beliefs. My job is to be kind and supportive, and although I don’t personally agree with racism, it is my job to be open minded and supportive. Diversity means to encompass acceptance for others, and respect all beings as unique individuals. It is important to recognize others as individuals, including their race, sex, religions and beliefs, sexual orientation, age and other concepts that make us the way we are. Diversity is about moving forward and being able to accept everyone for who they are. Equality is about each and every individual being seen as equal to one another. To be fair and give everyone equal opportunities, no matter their race, age,  religion etc. Promoting equality should remove discrimination towards others, and to not victimize or harass others for the way they are. Inclusion is ensuring people are being included, engaging in ‘everyday’ things and having human rights. To have a sense of belonging and feeling respected is a part of inclusion, and valuing all individuals. The effect a person could have by being discriminated could be different to another person. The adults I support should be given choices and chances to join in with activities, and if the were judged for having a disability, this would be discrimination. This could make the individual feel a lot of different things, depressed, stressed, fear, feeling withdrawn, low self esteem and humiliation. I always ensure the two customers I support are involved in everyday activities, such as cleaning their home, cooking their dinner and choosing what they would like to wear. There are many pieces of legislation that have been put in place to ensure equality is promoted and discrimination is reduced, these include: The Human Rights Act 1998, The Disability Discrimination Act 2005 and Employment Equality Regulations 2003. These legislations are to promote equality for all, regardless of sex, age, disability or religion etc. Although these legislations are in place, people still may not be able to change their views or opinions, and this is why good practice should be set in place, and others should reflect on how they work and support others. Everyone has a right to be included, and to participate in equal activities and to be valued as a unique individual. One of the customers I support had never been to church at 37 years old, and had told me one day that she would like to go. We walked up to the church and attended a service one Sunday, which she really enjoyed and was extremely happy to join in with singing hymns, praying and interacting with other church goers. She decided that she only wanted to go on special occasions, such as Christmas and Easter, and I respected her choices and updated her ‘This is Me’ document. If I was to witness a discriminatory incident, I would write down what happened in my own personal records, and report the incident to my line manager. If would possibly challenge the person in a calm and professional manner, and tell them that what they are saying or doing is unacceptable, and explain to them why. In my workplace, discrimination towards another person can lead to disciplinary action, and we have policies in place to deal with discrimination. My duties and responsibilities in my job role are to support adults with learning disabilities with good practice, and complying to all policies and procedures whilst doing so. Improving my performance at work is an everyday thing, I always remain focused and keep a reflective journal of which I record daily things, what I could improve, be done differently, how I feel about things and why I do them. Throughout my shift, I keep an open mind, and look at things from different perspectives, for example if a customer wants to go out in the snow without shoes on, I would support them in trying to think of a different way to do this, such as wearing shoes or waiting until it is sunny to wear no shoes in the garden. This way, the customer still has different options, but the potential negative outcomes would be explained to them e.g. catching a cold or something more serious. I have a personal development plan, and I see my line manager as my mentor. She goes through my PDP with me and supports me to achieve my goals. Within my PDP are various things including training I would like to attend, usually optional training that would benefit my knowledge and understanding and the customers I support. I am applying for the senior support worker programme this year, which is a programme my company set up to give support workers guidance and training if they want to become a manager in the future. This includes giving presentations and working extra hours and taking on more responsibilities such as doing rotas, giving other staff supervisions and being the PIC – Person in Charge. My manager reviews my personal development plan yearly, and sets me goals and targets to achieve throughout the year, for example attend MCA training, support a customer on holiday and complete my diploma in health and social care. Monitoring my own practice has changed the way in which I work for the better. By attending more training, for example epilepsy training, I now have a better knowledge about epilepsy, and what to do if someone has a seizure. Completing my diploma will change and advance my job role as I will have learned more about vulnerable adults, practices and standards and more to help me support the best way I can. I have a yearly appraisal which is part of my PDP. My manager tells me what I  am doing well and what I can improve on, and I continue to feedback to her every month during my supervision to ensure I am on my way to achieve my goals and have a successful appraisal. My beliefs and values are something I keep out of the workplace, as some people I support and work alongside have different views to me, which I need to respect in a professional manner. What I believe in and value are a part of who I am as a person, and the same goes for others, therefore as a professional I must provide the same quality of support to each individual, not just those who believe in the same things I do.

Ethics in Islam

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 Islamic Perception of Business Ethics and the Impact of Secular Thoughts on Islamic Business Ethics Muhammad Hashim Lecturer Government College of Management Science, Peshawar, KPK-Pakistan Abstract The purpose of this paper is to exhibit the business ethics perception in Islam and to unveil the western secular values and thoughts regarding ethics. We have presented the various repeatedly verses from Holy Quran and teachings of the Prophet.But unfortunately the western dominancy on our systems with great extent effaced our core Islamic values, beliefs and idea regarding business and trade. The dominancy of their organism has occupied a vital rule in all the major activities in our system and we are constrained to follow. Especially Muslims are striving for much profit and they are ignoring the ethical standard of the business, what Islam prohibits and what permits they don’t care. Being Muslims we have to follow the rules and regulation for business dealings which stated by Islamic jurisprudence the business will sustain its image and will be able to survive.Keywords Business ethics, Islam, Perception, Western thoughts, Quran, Ahadith, Islamic jurisprudence. 1. Introduction: In today’s modern business each business enterprise is fettered to follow the ethical perspective of the business language because no business activity can be best managed and organized without knowing sound Islamic business ethics especially for Muslims. Because the holy Quran says â€Å" Allah has made business legitimate for you† If a person knows about the wide range of issues which are confederated with all the function of marketing so then he/she can best manage the overall business with splendid ways.If we talk about ethics a clear picture comes to our mind about the behavioral aspect of the business person or mangers that how he is going to deal c ustomer in best and suitable manner. If the sentiment of ethics is prevail in the 98 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 mind of entrepreneur then surely he can never deceive the customer at all. Imprudent behavior in this regard may damage or collapse the overall business goodwill and reputation.The tradition of prophet (May peace be upon him) states â€Å"The Muslims are bound by their provisions or stipulations† ( Abu Daud, Hadith No:3120) about infielder and hypocrite who break down the promise the tradition of Holy prophet states thus â€Å" the hypocrite is not a promise person if he makes promise he breaks it and if he makes compact, he act traitorously† (Bukhari,1 hadith No: 32) In country like ours we must follow the Islamic jurisprudence regarding business dealing and the way of conducting daily and routine business transactions. In this behalf we can fo llow the instructions and orders of Holy Quran and Ahadith2 of our prophet (sws).It is the great bounty of Fiege who revealed the Holy Quran for the direction of human beings with clear revelations over prophet Muhammad (sws) who is the incarnation for all human beings a concise lessons and glade tidings for those who believe on day of resurrection/dooms day, warning and wrath for those who belie all the clear sign or verses. It is unethical if some one makes stratagems or plots in daily routine business transaction with their customers using abuse language and showing despise then he is casting his self into darkness and plunge into astray.The great triumph and avert self from seditious or humiliation is to plain business dealings and good behavior with customers. Ancient people of prophet shuaib (A. S) were famous for unethical dealings and wrong measuring and weighing of goods. They were considering adulteration, feigning and dishonesty in business transaction their triumph and r ejoice but they could not know the plot of oft-forgiver, and hence calamity seize them form where they did not know about. In the holy Quran Allah says† And to Madyan people we sent their brother shu’aib.He said: O my people, Worship Allah, you have no other ilah (god) but Him, and give not short measure or weight. I see you in prosperity and verily I fear for you the torment of a day encompassing† (surah Hud, part 12, verse no 84) â€Å"And O my people, Give full measure and weight in justice and reduce not the things that are due to the people, and do not commit mischief in the land, causing corruption. (Hud, part 12, verse,85. ) â€Å"That which is left by Allan for you (after giving the right of the people) is better for you, if you are believers.And I am not a guardian over you† (Hud, part 12, 86) 1 Book name of the Ahadith 2 Sunnah of the Holy prophet Muhammad( May Peace Be upon Him) 99 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Rese arch in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 Further Quran says â€Å"He said: â€Å"O my people, Tell me if I have clear evidence from my lord and He has given me a good sustenance from Himself (shall I corrupt it by mixing it with the unlawfully earned money). I wish not, in contradiction to you, to do that which I forbid you.I only desire reform to the best of my power. And my guidance can not come except form Allah, in Him I trust and unto Him I repent. (Verse no, 88). Further the people of Madyan said, Quran tells us â€Å"They said: O shu’aib, we do not understand much of what you say, and we see you weak among us. Were it not for your family, we should certainly have stoned you and you are not powerful against us. †(Verse no: 92, part 12. ) On other place of the Holy Quran, Allah says, â€Å"the dwellers of Al-Aikah (place name near Madyan3) belied the Messengers. (Surah 26, part 19, verse no: 175)4 â€Å"Give full measure a nd cause no loss to others† And weigh with the true and straight balance. † (Verse no: 181,182) â€Å"And defraud not people by reducing their things, nor do evil, making corruption and mischief in the land. † Then we can see what was the requite for such a transgress nation, they could not outstripped the Quran says â€Å"And when our Commandment came, we saved Shu’aib and those who believed with him by a Mercy from Us. And As-Saihah (torment awful cry) seized the wrong doers, and they lay (dead), prostrate in their homes. (Verse no: 94, part 12. ) It is clear form the above verses that how the people of Madyan were defrauding the people in things, and they were considering short measure and weights to the people accomplishment in their business. This is a single parable a thousand of exemplary events in this regard may prove about outcast people and nations. About lawful business transaction we can see the saying of our Holy prophet (saww) 3 Nation of th e prophet Shu’aib( A. S) 4 Quran( the last revealed book) 100 www. hrmars. com/journalsInternational Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 Islam encourages candor and reliability in business transaction. The Holy prophet saidThe honest merchant/business man on the day of resurrection will be rewarded with prophets, pious, virtuous and martyr people†. (Tarmidhi, hadith No: 1130). Now we briefly converse the term ethics, business, business ethics, and the reason why Muslims have failed to follow the instruction of the Holy Quran and sayings of the Holy prophet (saww) in business dealings. . Literature review 2. 1 Ethics the word ethic is derived from the Greek word â€Å"ethos† means custom and usage. A study what ever is right and good for humans. ( VU,2011)5. Ethics a set of moral principles which enable a person to distinguish between things which one is good and which one is bad. The term ethics i s often use as morality, morality in actions is very important constituent no behavior can be positive with out good and resonance base of ethics. Ethics also sustain behavior and it leads good attitude. Dr Sabahuddin Azmi). â€Å"We may define ethics as normative science of the conduct of human being living in societiesa science which judge this conduct to be right or wrong, to be good or bad. Or in some similar way. William Lillie (1971). Basically the word ethics if we see it in Islamic perspective means to see what is good and bad socially as well as morally because ethics is something which play important role for making and developing an sound and pious society. (syed abul A’ala Mawdodi,1994)6To be ethical it is required to have clear good judgment and responsibilities. The ethics can be covered from education, a person can get and train ethically by learning, but there is no need of some special education for ethics a person can learn form his surrounding and environm ent. To solve difficult situation and face different problem requires ethical understanding, a good human interaction needs a good and sound base of ethics, if a business want to be called an ethical accepted business, so it requires to take such action which are ethically accepted.Most people think that business has nothing to do with ethics but it business ignored the ethical standard will loose its image and not be able to survive. (Muhammad Tufail, 2009) 5 Virtual university Lahore Pakistan. 6 The great Islamic scholar and writer of 21st century 101 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 2. 2 Business Business can be defined any activity which is done for the purpose of earning profit but legitimate activity is called business.Illegal or unlawful activities not reckon in the limit of the business. In literary sense, the term business means the state of being busy; it includes all those activity which are related with production, distribution and selling of goods and services with the core object of earning profit. According L. H. Haney,† it is a human activity directed towards providing or acquiring wealth through buying and selling. † According to Urwick and Hunt they describes â€Å" business s an enterprise which makes, distributes or provides any article or services which the other members of the community need and are able and welling to pay for it. † According to R. N. Owen â€Å"It includes all the commercial and industrial activities which provide goods and services to people with the objective to earn profit. † (Saeed Nasir, 1995) 2. 3 Business ethics So for carrying all these bustles business ethics an important component to formulate particular ethical standard in the framework of commerce and then applied.So business ethics is a device use in exchange transactions to accomplish the obligations. We have seen in the de finition of the business and have already define ethics what does it mean, no it is clear that business includes all production and distribution activities relating goods and services, now we have to follow all that business morality which comes under business ethics and which Quran and saying of the prophet tell us that how we should do our dealings and what norm we should kept in mind before dealings.But we are cent percent failed to follow the ordained of fiege and the saying of the Holy prophet, because we debates on business ethics and business morality but when time comes then we ignore the verses of the Holy Quran and the action of the apostle. Being a Muslim we must see and study the Quran and sunnah,7 as we know being a Muslim that the western secular ethical values are relatively useful in this world but it is respite, and the Islamic code of ethics are much constructive not in this world but also hereafter. In this paper our core debate is to see business ethics in the ra diance of Islamic perception.But unfortunately the western dominancy on our systems with great extent effaced our core Islamic values, beliefs and idea regarding business and trade. The dominancy of their 7 Saying and actions of the holy prophet Muhammad(sws) 102 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 organism has occupied a vital rule in all the major activities in our system and we are constrained to follow. We discuss it briefly. 2. 4 Different isms of secularism and the west approachWest people have the habit of labeling every fruitful growth in the world to themselves. They think that they are playing a major role in the development of the world, about the rules regulation, regarding business and trade, human rights, justice, social and economic development, for example they says that the human right concept was first emerge in Britain, which was drawn up six hundred years af ter form the advent of Islam, (syed abul A’ala Mawdodi,) Lack of curiosity of our young generation is also due to the different isms which have gotten different shapes in the west.For rememorizing the lesson of Islamic ideas to our young generation require a sound and complete set of Islamic core values so It can be hoped to restand or rebuilt the mind of our young people to follow the instruction and set of laws of Islam not only in their daily and routine dealings but also in their entire life.May be there are not many people who have affected from the western sciences and arts but many secular isms which they have presented in shape of agnosticism, or atheism, logical empiricism, realism, atomism, logical positivism, existentialism, evolutionism, naturalism, empiricism, phonomenalism8, pragmatism9, behaviorism and humanism etc with great extent have embedded in present political, traditional, sciences and arts and social sciences and perceptibly these isms are lacking peop le from Islamic faiths and believes.So the reason is that we are for away from Islamic philosophy and need to know form Islamic perspective each and every subject. (Ahmad Hussain Kamal, 2002). Our whole education system is based on western thoughts; the institutions in which you people are studying are the remnants of the west, so how it can be hoped from the young generation to survive in such situation† (syed abul A’ala Mawdodi, 1966) 2. 5Effect of secular thoughts on modern studies 8 The doctrine that human knowledge is confined to or founded on the realities or appearances presented to the senses. 9 An approach that assesses the truth of meaning of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application. 103 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990The foundation of all modern studies have been laid down on secular thoughts, for example if we talk about medical, engineering, geology, sociology, business trade and commerce etc we are compelled to follow that thoughts which have been emerged in our life, consequently we have kept faraway from Islamic approach to study all these modern sciences. These secular thoughts are clearly moving in our bloods and causing less keenness to Islamic jurisprudence. (Dr. Ahmad Hussain , 2002). 2. 6 Theories of the secular thinkers and philosophersNiccolo Machiavelli and martin Luther two rebel minded philosophers with great extent has damage the mind of the people, similarly sir Thomas more social philosopher, with his book â€Å"utopia†, Tommaso Companella Italian philosopher and theologian, in his book â€Å"city of the sun†, with the advent of eighteen century two more rebel minded philosopher appeared, Renato Russo and Voltaire, Renato Russo published his first article in 1750 and second one in 1753 in the name of â€Å" the beginning of inequality in humans† Russo wro te his third book on the name of â€Å" social contract† in 1763.Russo was the rebel minded philosopher who was completely changed the mind of the people. Karl Marx and Angels, the founder of socialism, bolshevism, Marxism, and communism, the Britain Bradley, Green, Boozing, and Hume, German Immanuel Kant, Goethe, Friedrich Hegel, all of these were affected from thoughts and ideas of Russo. From Russo thoughts and ideas most of philosophers have presented their theories and ideas. The thoughts and ideas of Russo were rebel one, and with great extent that ideas and thoughts dented the mind of other people, and the effect of which we can see on Muslims society and traditions.The ideas of different thinkers grown, and the time came when the concept of mercantilism, capitalism and socialism born. He was the Adam smith who presented the theory of capitalism in his book â€Å"wealth of nation. † Two hundred year old concept of mercantilism which grew in 16th century, and spr ead in wide areas of sub-continents, America, south Africa and south Asia and the remote parts of the Indonesia and Australia which had effected the economic and social system now become changed in capitalism.Obviously these secular systems had drowned people into marsh. And the Adam smith just not stopped but he introduced a new theory of â€Å"freetraddism† and soon the world whole system of business dealing such as, agriculture, industry, and mineral productions came under this theory and system. Then we see john Keynes theory of saving and investing his theory was also created confusion, and wrote down a book â€Å"the general theory of employment, interest and money† in which he presented a new theory regarding economics in 1936. fter that we see a new step in the mid of 19th century which was taken by Karl Marx, by written a detailed and well grounded book in the name of â€Å"Capital† which paved the way to socialism. ( Kamal Hussain, 2002). 2. 7 104 Impa cts of secular views www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990Now the nations who’s societies are built on the basis of these secular thoughts and views, the element of poison must exist there they will considered those things utilitarian for their business and trade, for their economy and society which Islam have prohibited for example, they will not discriminate between legitimate and unlawful resources on acquiring property, they will induce people towards interest, saving, making unfair earning, bribery, theft, hocus-pocus and fraud, making funds, less inclination to alms, free use of wine, alcohol, intoxicant, gambling, flesh of swine, dead animal etc. hey western people just makes rules, plans for business ethics and they implement those which are useful for them. ( Abul A’ala Mawdodi, 1959) The most important thing which western theologians have permitted to use in business dealing is interest. But Islam says it is prohibited either it is in any shape or kinds the receiving and giving of Riba (interest) is unlawful dealing and the money which the person earn form it is haram10. About the origin of interest it is commonly said that it is created from those secular theories which have presented by different western philosophers in different age and time.The wealthier people considered it a easily source for making surplus money, to get the surplus money secured these wealthier people made a search for persons who could guarantee safe return of money as and when called. (Dr. Habib-ur-Rehaman, 2003) 2. 8 What Islam says about business ethics Now our core discussion on business ethics its perception in Islam, in first pages we have tried to show that what west thinks about business ethics, they says it is business morality and morality increase the profit of business concern irrespective of considering lawful and unlawful activities or dealings. We have to see first what Islam is. 2. 8. 1 Meaning of Islam The world Islam is Arabic world and its origin from SLM11 (silm) means submission, surrender, obedience, to yield, or to give one’s self up. Thus Aslama alone means â€Å"he committed himself to the will of God† salm means peace. And silm which also means â€Å"the religion of Islam. † 10 Illegitimate, unlawful 11 Islam 105 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990Islam in law basically of two kinds a) a simple confession with the tongue b) the other that along with confession, there is belief in the heart and fulfillment in practice, and resignation to God. The other meaning of Islam is peace, if one submission and obedience to Allah, that one can achieve real peace of body and of mind and which bring a real peace to society at large. (Khurshid Ahmad, 1999). In one Hadith in which the Prophet (SWS) rep ly on the asking of Jibrael (Gabriel (AS) narrated by Abu Hurairah, Jibrael asked, what is Islam?Allah Messenger (sws) replied, â€Å"To worship Allah alone and none else, to perform prayer (As-Salat), to give Zakat and to observe Saum (fast) during the month of Ramadan† (M. Taqi-ud-DinAl-Hilali, 1998) So Islam is the religion of Muslims. As in the holy Quran Allah says â€Å"This day, I have perfected your religion for you, completed my favor upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as religion† (surah 5, part 6, verse no 3). Now if some one seeks another religion for himself, so Allah says â€Å"And whoever seeks a religion other than Islam.It will never be accepted of him, and in the Hereafter he will be the on e of the losers†. (Surah 3, part 3, verse no 85. ) Quran says â€Å"O you believe enter perfectly into Islam and follow not the footsteps of Satan† (s2, p2 v208) The holy prophet said â€Å"Ad- Din (Islam) is the name of sincerity and will-wishi ng†. (Muslim). We can also study from the holy Quran to know what is exact meaning of Islam for this purpose these verses shows what islam is? S, 20, p16, verses, 13 to16. S 21, p1, v24.S, no 3 v no 19, s no 3 v no 85, s, no 4 v 89, s no 6 v 125, s no 12 v 101, s no 39 v 22, s no 61 v 7,s no 66 v 5. The study of tafsir of Abul A’ala Mawdodi â€Å"tafhim-ul-quran 3rd† and Tafsir of Syed Qutab Shaheed â€Å"fe zalalil quran†12 may be fruitful to fully understand the concept of Islam 2. 8. 2 Need of the prophets (messengers) To every nations Allah sent Messengers to invite them to the right path and to the worship of Allah alone, bring them out from the darkness of polytheism into the light of monotheism. All the prophets sermonized about monotheism (Tauhid) i. e. belief in the oneness of Allah.In several places in Nobel Quran tell us about this fact, Noah(Nuh) sent to his people, Hud sent to his people Ad, Salih sent to his people Thamud, Shu’aib sent to his people Madyan, Lut(lot) sent to his people Sodom, and Muhammad(sws) sent to his nation and for all mankind and jinn. The purpose of sending all these prophets to people is just to preach about Tauhid, to 12 Commentary of the holy book Quran 106 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 worship Allah and none has the right to be worshipped but Allah.And to worship Allah means to obey Him and to do all that things which He has ordained, and to abstain from all those things which He has forbidden. But the place of Prophet Muhammad (May peace be upon him) among the entire prophet is different, because Muhammad (May peace be upon him) sent for all mankind and jinn. As in noble Quran Allah says â€Å"say O Muhammad (sws): O mankind: verily, I am sent to you all as messenger of Allah† (surah no 7, verse, 158) and in another place Allah says â€Å"And whatsoever the Messenger (Muhammad (sws) gives you, take it and whatsoever he forbids you, abstain from it. (Surah no 59, verse no 7) And also Allah says â€Å"Say (O Muhammad (sws) to mankind) ‘if you love Allah then follow me (accept Islamic monotheism, follow the Quran and Sunnah (legal ways of the prophet (sws), Allah will love you and forgive you of your sins. †(S. no, 3, v, no 31). (M. Muhsim khan, . M. T. Al-Hilali, 1999). Narrated by Abdullah Ben Amr ben Al-As, the prophet Muhammad (sws) said: Allah did not send a prophet but gratified him to lead his people to the best way which is known to him, and warn and abstain them against the worst which is known to him. (Shaikh Abdul Aziz bin Abdullah bin Baz, 1999).Now we have seen from the above what Islam is and why Allah sent Messengers, if we give more Verses and Ahadith our subject will require more time and space which we can not continue here. Now here we shall see what the business ethics concept in Islam what are those business moral ity which Islam permits and which prohibits. 2. 8. 3 Business ethics in Islam The most emphasis which is given in Islam on the ethical character of some one, if we study the holy Quran and Ahadith, we shall find a discernible verses and the saying of the holy prophet Muhammad (sws) on ethical norms and moral codes.Islam emphasized to follow these ethical norms not only in personal and family life but also to follow in business dealings and transactions. Islam is a complete way of life. It provides guidance for all activities either these are individual, social, material and moral, legal and cultural, economic and political and national or international. Islam invites the man to enter the fold of Islam without any vacillation and to follow Allah guidance in all fields of life. (Khurshid Ahmad, 1999) The Quran verses and teaching of prophet tell us about the wide range of ethical norms to be followed i. . in our social contract, contract with family, in equality of the sexes, contract with individual, dealings regarding neighbors, friend, relatives, in business transactions, public 107 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 and private life, chastity of women, security of the life and property, justice, protection of honor, ethics with non-combatants, combatants, sanctity of the property, dead body, and rules regarding the declaration of war. (Abul A’ala Mawdodi, 1999).In one hadith in which prophet Muhammad (sws) says â€Å"I have been sent for the purpose of good morals† In the noble Quran Allah says† ye have indeed in the messenger of Allah an excellent exemplar† (surah no 33, verse no 21. ) â€Å"The holy prophet said â€Å"the best among you is one whose character is best† (agreed). The holy prophet said â€Å"A person devoid of kindness is devoid of any good† (Muslim). Holy Prophet said, A time will come upon peop le when they will not differentiate what they earned is legitimate or unlawful† (Bukhari, 1941. ) In another place the tradition of Prophet (P. B. O. H) states, â€Å"To say a good word is just a charity† (agreed).And said â€Å"Every good deed is charity† (Bukhari) The prophet (SAWS) said â€Å"he who deceives is not of us† other place the prophet said â€Å"the honest merchant will be rewarded on the day of judgment with prophets, pious people and martyrs† (Tirmidhi, 1130. ) Honesty in business not mean that the seller always swear by the name of Allah for his transaction if he does so he doing wrong (Ahmad 14982) The prophet reported to have said â€Å"one who has no pros of trust he does not faith and one who he does not fulfill his promise he has no Din (religion). (Tafhimul-Quran, 1994)13 â€Å"He who deceives us is not of us† (Muslim). Be expeditious in doing goods. †(Muslim). † †(Mulana Sardar Ali khan, 2004). In sh ort Islam is given too much importance on morality and ethics. 13 Commentary of the Holy book Quran. 108 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 3. Ideology14 of Islamic business ethics Here we shall discuss shortly about those beliefs and philosophy which Islam authorizes in business dealing and which comes under the scope of business ethics. 1. Trust 2. Legitimate resources on acquiring property. 3. Order to expenditure 4.Zakat 5. Parsimony (thriftiness) or economic order. 6. Lawful earning 7. Honesty in business dealings. 8. Bounty and humanity in business contacts. 9. Satisfying all business obligations. 10. Reasonable handling of staff. 11. Mutual esteem. 12. Clear business transactions. 13. Purchasing, and buying justly. 3. 1 Trust Trust should be the first belief for every Muslim, because the faith on Tuhaid (monotheism) is the basic steps for all dealings and actions. There are three aspects of Islamic monotheism. Oneness of the lordship of Allah, to believe that there is no Lord except Almighty Allah, He is alone the reator, sustainer, planner of the universe and all that exist. Oneness of the worship of Allah, to believe that none has the right to be worshiped but Alone Allah. Oneness of the names and qualities of Allah, we must not qualify Allah except With what He or His Messenger has named or qualify him† (M. Muhsim khan, M. T. Al-Hilali, 1999). Allah says in the noble Quran â€Å"And subjected to you all that is in the heavens and all that is in the earth, it is all as a favor and kindness from Him. Verily, in it are signs for a people who think deeply† (surah 45, part 25, verse no, 13. â€Å"Such is Allah, your lord, none has the right to be worshiped but He, the Creator of all things, so worship Him(Alone), and He is the Trustee, disposer, of affairs, Guardian over all things,†( 14 Basic principles for business ethics in Is lam 109 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 surah 6, part,7, verse no 102. ) and other place Allah the Almighty says â€Å" Verily We have sent down the Book o you ( O Muhammad(sws) in truth: so worship Allah( Alone) by doing religious deeds sincerely for Allah’s sake only. (Surah 39, part 23, verse no 02. ) Similarly in several other places in the noble Quran we can see about the lesson of monotheism such as in surah no 01, verse no 05, part 01, surah no 02,part no 01, verse no 138, surah no 03,part 03, verse no 30,surah no 07, part 07, verse no 29, surah no 13,part 13, verse no36, surah no 16,part 14, verse no 120, surah no 22, part 17, verse no 31, surah no 24, part no18, verse no 55, surah no 29, part 20, verse no 17, surah no 30, part no 21, verse no 28, surah no 40, part no 24, verse no 14. 3. 2Legitimate resources on acquiring property The second main thing which Islam allow to his followers is rightful source of wealth and property, if some one earning so they must discriminate between lawful and unlawful source of income, this discrimination is based on such criteria that if one person earning and the other person suffering loss so Islam does not permit such kind of earning and transaction, Islam only allow those transaction in which both the parties have the benefit and their free consent. Because Islam wants impartiality between dealings. Mawdodi, 1974) As Allah Almighty says in His noble Quran â€Å"O you believe, Eat not up your property among yourselves unjustly except it be a trade amongst you, by mutual consent, and do not kill yourselves,. Surely, Allah is Most Merciful to you. † (Surah 04, part 05, verse no, 29. ) â€Å"And whoever commits that through aggression and injustice, we shall cast him into the fire, and that is easy for Allah. †(Surah 04, part 05, verse no, 30. ) â€Å"And in their properties there was t he right of the beggar who asks and the poor who does not ask others† (surah 51, part 26, verse no 19. Similarly on other places on the noble Quran we can study about the property such as, surah 2, p. 2, v. 188, surah 3,p. 4,v. 186, surah no 4, p. 4 v. 5 and 7, surah no,59,p. 28,v. 7and9, surah no 70,p. 29,v. 25. 3. 3 Order to expenditure The basic teaching of Islam tells us about spending and not collection of money, but here the purpose of spending is not that a man must spent on his or her luxury and spam works but the main point is when a person saved more than from his needs so then it is obligatory to spent that excess amount or money on the way of Allah (sake of).So Islamic concept here is totally different than other secular concepts, here Islam says if one spend for the sake of Allah, his wealth increase, and there will be blessing on his property and wealth and Allah will give 110 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and So cial Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 him recompense. We can find a several verses in the Holy Quran in which Allah ordained to spend for His sake and He will requite for. Allah says in the Quran â€Å"And they ask you about what they ought to spend.Say: â€Å"that which is beyond your needs. † (Surah 2, p2, v 219. ) â€Å"Satan threatens you with poverty and orders you to commit Fahsha (evil deeds); whereas Allah promises you forgiveness from Himself and Bounty, and Allah is All Sufficient for His creatures needs, All Knower. †(Surah 2, p2, v 268. ) â€Å"And whatever you spend in good, it will be repaid to you in full, and you shall not be wronged. † (Surah 2, p2, v 272. ) â€Å"Allah will destroy Riba (interest) and will give increase for Sadaqat (charity, alms), and Allah likes not the disbeliever, sinners. (Surah 2, p2, v 276. ) Similarly in surah no 02, p2 v. 280, surah no 02, p2 v. 264, 265, surah no 02, p2 v. 271, surah no 02, p2 v. 2 67, surah no 02, p2 v. 264, surah no 30, p21 v. 39, surah no 35, p22 v. 29, 30, surah no 51, p2 6v. 19, surah no 04, p05 v. 36. Quran also teaches us about to spend for the sake of Allah. 3. 4 Zakat: Islam prohibits earning only for self and not caring the poor people in the society. Islam prevents the concentration of wealth in few hands but ensures the distribution among the poor people in a prescribed rate.Zakat15 will be collected from all those who are involved or engaged any productive business activity or having excess money or holding assets for a period of not less than one year. Islam ensures the best of social security and bring Cooperation with the rest of the community members. (Habib Ur ehman, 2003. ) Because zakat purifies the wealth and bring prosperity in a state and efface the concept of socialism and capitalism in which wealth comes under the control of one hand.In various places in the noble Quran Allah Almighty says â€Å"take Saddaqa from their wealth in order to purify them† (surah 09, verse no 103, part no 10). And other place Allah says â€Å" As – Sadaqat are only for poor Al Masakin, and those employed to collect and to attract the hearts of those who have been inclined, and to free the captives, and for those in debt, and for Allah’s cause. (Surah 09, verse no 60 part no 10). In surah Baqara Almighty orders â€Å"Establish worship and pay the poor due (give zakat), (verse no 43. â€Å"Perform As-Salat and give zakat (poor due) and that is the 15 A contribution from wealth in the way of Allah. 111 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 right religion. †(Surah 98, verse no 05, part no 30. ) We can also find several verses in the Holy Quran in which Allah have cleared about the ZAKAT, for example we can see the following verses in the noble book.In surah no 73, part no 29, verse no 20, surah no 58 , part no 28 , verse no 13 , surah no 41 , part no 24 , verse no 07 , surah no 33, part no 22, verse no 33 , surah no 31 , part no 21, verse no 04 , surah no 27, part no 19 verse no03,no surah no 24 , part no 18 , verse no 37 , surah no 23 , part no 18 verse no 04, surah no 22 , part no 17, verse no 41, surah no 21 , part no 17 verse no 72 , surah no 19 , part no 16 verse no 31, surah no 09 , part no 10 verse no 05 , surah no 05 , part no 06 verse no 12, surah no 04, part no 05 verse no 77, surah no 02 , part no 01 verse no 43. The main object of zakat and charity is to help those people who do not beg of people at all. In one hadith narrated by Abu Hurairah: the prophet said seven people will be shaded by Allah under shade on the day of resurrection among them one will be he who practices Charity so secretly that his left hand does not know what his right hand has given†. (M. Muhsim khan, M. T. Al-Hilali, 1999). 3. 5 Parsimony (thriftiness) or economic order Islam also prohibits Mu slim from spending spam and not like a prodigal person. Islam orders to every Muslim to spend according to their needs and they must keep up the concept of parsimony.Those who are extravagant, spendthrifts and niggard persons are not like in Islam. This lesson of Islam tell us about if one person who having sufficient money and spending more than form his need may be a chance to becomes poor and nor permits any person who do act of niggardly or become a meager and do not spend to fulfill his needs but like those who go between these two way. Islam has also closed all the doors of extravagance and made clear rules and regulation for all the things which breaks down the equal distribution of wealth.Islam proscribes all those activities which brings and creates spiritual and moral problems. Allah Almighty says in his book â€Å"And those who, when they spend, are neither extravagant nor niggardly but hold a medium (way) between those. † (Surah no 25, part no 19, verse no 67. ) I n other place Allah says â€Å"verily, the spendthrifts are brothers of the Shayatin (devils) and the Satan is ever ungrateful to his Lord†. ( surah no 17, part no 15 verse no 27. ) so we can find several other interpretations of Fiege in different verses of the Holy Quran.Such as Surah no 07, part no 08, verse no 31, Surah no 17 , part no 15 , verse no 26 and 27, Surah no25 , part no 19 , verse no 67 , Surah no 04 , part no 04 verse no 06 , Surah no 06 , part no 08 , verse no 141. 3. 6 Lawful earnings Islam emphasis on legitimate and Halal earning. There is no compliance in Islam for those business men who conduct their business dealings through unlawful and unligitemate 112 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 means and earns profit.Islam permits only for legitimate business as Quran tells us, â€Å"O you who believe: Eat not up your property among yourselves unjustly except it may be trade among you by mutual consent† (part no 5, surah no 4 verse no 29. ) In surah Al-Baqarah ALLAH says â€Å"These are they who have purchased error for guidance, so their commerce was profitless. And they were not guided†(S. 2,P. 1,V. 16. ) we can also study Ahadith in which Prophet has clearly mentioned the importance of legitimate earning, one day some one asked from Holy Prophet about best sort of gains, Prophet said, a gain which a man work with his hands, and all legitimate activities. Ahmad, 1576. ) Every Muslim business men should aware from all lawful means of business and dealings. Because once Holy Prophet said, A time will come upon people when they will not differentiate what they earned is legitimate or unlawful† (Bukhari, 1941. ) Islam forbids tyrannical dealing such as Riba (interest) and condemns it, Holy Quran says â€Å"Allah has permitted trading and forbidden Riba† (s. 2 p. 3 v. 275. ) the prophet said â€Å"may Allah send down His curse all the persons who uses, pays, witnesses and write down the Riba† (Ahmad. 24), Almighty ALLAH says, â€Å"eat up not one another’s property unjustly (stealing, robbing, deceiving etc. ) and nor give bribery to the rulers† (s. 2. p, 2 v. 188. ) so we can see from the above verses and Hadith that how Islam strictly forbids unlawful dealings and business. 3. 7 Honesty in business dealings Honesty in business dealing is also move up in Islam. There should be clear dealing between seller and buyer. If seller sells his goods or things on fake basis then he will be guilty for that. Islam condemns all fraudulent business dealings.The prophet (SAWS) in several Ahadith also prohibited his followers from doing such practices. The seller and buyer must be honest in dealings there would be no other motive which make a transaction fraudulent and in which both become guilty. Allah almighty says in His book â€Å"woe to those who give less in measure and w eight (ALMutaffifin). Those who, when they have to receive by measure from men, demand full measure. And when they have to give by measure to other men give less than due. Do they not think that they will be resurrected, on a great day† (s no, 83. p no, 30. 1-6. ) In surah Nisa verse no 29, Quran says† o you believe, eat not up your property among yourselves dishonestly except it be trade amongst you, by mutual consent†. The prophet (SAWS) said â€Å"he who deceives is not of us† other place the prophet said â€Å"the honest merchant will be rewarded on the day of judgment with prophets, pious people and martyrs† (Tirmidhi, 1130. ) Honesty in business not mean that the seller always swear by the name of Allah for his transaction if he does so he doing wrong (Ahmad 14982). so we can find a lot to verses and Ahadith of the prophet.Some of the verses of the holy Quran may also emphasis on honesty such as. S. n0 02, 113 www. hrmars. com/journals Internati onal Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 p. 01 verse no 42, s. no 03, p 03, verse no71, s. 103, p, 30, v03, s, 33, p21, v, 08,s,04,p,05,v,107. ,s, 08,p,09,v2, . ,s, 08,p,10,v58, s,22,p1,v38. 3. 8 Bounty and humanity in business contacts Islam emphasis that one should be soft and flexible in business transaction. The dealing between buyer and seller should be on humanity basis.Both the parties either they will creditors or debtors should free to demand his money back. Islam is strictly prohibited from hard words and harsh language in business dealing. The Allah messenger said â€Å"may mercy be on him who is soft and decent in his dealing with others† several verses from the holy Quran shows that hard words and language must not be used while dealing or talking with others Allah says in His book â€Å"And be moderate in your walking and lowering your voices†(s, 31 p, 21, v 19. ) the prophet said â€Å"g ive him the best thing the best amongst you† (Muslim 3002). 3. 9Satisfying (fulfilling) all business obligations Islam strictly emphasis on fulfilling all promise because in one Ahadith prophet has reported to said: one who not fulfills his promise is a trait of hypocrite† by fulfilling promise and contact is an important thing for traders because no one can be trustworthy if he is not fulfilling his deeds. In other place the prophet said â€Å"Muslims are bound by their stipulations† if we study the holy Quran we can find a several verses which tell us about fulfilling promises surah 5 Allah Almighty says† O you who believe fulfill your obligations†( p. ,v1) we can also study about fulfilling of promise from the holy book such as in surah 53, part 27, v 37, s 68, part 29 v,39, s,21 p 17 v09, s 39 part 24 v 74, and s 48, part 26 v 10. All the things between the parties either seller or buyer must be cleared and fulfilled and not lead to any dispute and discrepancy. 3. 10 Reasonable treatment of staff. /workers Prophet (SAWS) said† the wages of the workers must be paid before the sweat dries upon his body† (Majah 2434).And other place said† I will be opponent to those persons on the day of resurrection who does not give him his due to a person who have finished work for him† Islam also teach us to give your brother as you self eat, drink as u self drink wear as u self wear and think as u self think for your self and family. This is the responsibility of the employer that he should provide all the basic things that is give him fair wages, provide him good working condition, and treat him ethically.This way Islam encourages and builds up the guts of love. 114 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 3. 11 Mutual respect/ esteem Give respect to others in business dealing is the dominant principle of Islam. Bus inesses that base on selfishly earning and producing and not caring the society are considered illegal. Islam also emphasis on mutual respect in dealings.In holy Quran Allah says â€Å"By no means shall you attain piety unless you spend of that which you love and whatever of goods you spend Allah knows it well† (s 3, p 4 v92) in several places in the holy Quran it is mentioned that Allah loves kindness and deal with people with kindness. In surah 03 verse no 119 and surah no 05 verse no 54 discussed about love with people. So kindness and mutual respect in business dealing is the leading principal of Islam. 3. 12 Clear business transaction and purchasing and selling justly Business an should be bound for clear business transaction. The buying and selling activities should be on mutual consent and not under coercion. Islam strictly prohibits such dealings in which both the parties are not clear. Even Quran tell us every Muslim business man if he is on dealing with other person so he must write down that agreement and must be cleared to both the parties. As the holy prophet is reported to have said â€Å"sale is not that which is done with out mutual consent sale is a sale which involve only mutual consent† (majah, 2176).Allah says in his book â€Å"O you who believe: Eat not up your property among yourselves unjustly except it may be trade among you by mutual consent† (part no 5, surah no 4 verse no 29. ). â€Å"And whoever commits that through aggression and injustice, we shall cast him into the fire, and that is easy for Allah. †(Surah 04, part 05, verse no, 30. ). 4. Prohibit and illegal affairs in business transaction There are also some dealings in business which Islam considered unethical and illegal contacts and transactions. The seller must not adopt such matters which do not come under the scope of Islamic business ethics.These matters now days are very common in practice in business society. They may include. Earning from H aram (illegal activities) such as selling and buying of win, alcohol, drugs. i) ii) iii) iv) 115 Doing fraud in business dealings, Often swearing by seller for selling his products, or Showing things which are not in reality, window dressing of the products, etc. and those transactions in which parties make promise and not make it to fulfill. Hoarding to make high profit, speculative activities, and www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. , No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 v) vi) vii) viii) ix) x) xi) xii) xiii) Interest in which Quran strictly forbidden. Fixation of prices, Flesh of the Haram animals, Weapon which cause human destructions, Intoxicants, flesh of pig, Storing of foodstuff for future time and then sell out with the expectation to earn some profit, Fraudulent business practices for selling the products in market, Black marketing, dealings in bad condition goods and stolen goods, cheating in business dea lings, giving short measures Transactions which involve uncertainty. . Recommendation Now what is important to do especially by Muslim as well as by non-Muslim, we have exposed briefly the basic of business ethics in previous pages. Allah says â€Å"This day, I have perfected your religion for you, completed my favor upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as religion† (surah 5, part 6, verse no 3). This religion (Islam) the old name is Din, not new. It is almost 4000 years old name which was the Din (religion) of Harat Ibrahim (A.S) who was the spiritual leader and 3/4th of the world accept the power of spiritual seniority, not only Muslims but also Jews, Christians, pagans, Zoroastrian, were agreed on his spiritual supremacy. ( Tafhimul-quran 1994) and Allah says in His book â€Å" He has chosen you and has not laid upon you in religion any hardship: it is the religion of your father Ibrahim( Abraham). It is He (Allah) who has named you Muslim both before and in this Quran † (surah 22, part 17, verse 78).Now if it is cleared that Islam not a new religion it is old one and the religion of Ibrahim. So then no doubt that Muslim and non- Muslim both should follow the rules of this religion which is Islam in their lives either these are social activities, religious activities or business dealings or worship now they are bound to follow Islamic monotheism. In the Holy Quran Allah says â€Å"he commands them for Islamic monotheism and all that Islam ordained, and forbids them form all disbelief, polytheism of all kinds that Islam has forbidden.He allows them lawful things i. e. Goods, foods deeds, and beliefs and prohibits them as unlawful things i. e. deeds, beliefs, dealings. †(Surah, 7 parts 9 verse 157). Generally for every Muslim business man we suggest these following dominant points to remember and adopt. ? Both seller and buyer must accept the supremacy of Almighty Allah, they should accept HIS sovereignty, love Him and follow whatever H E order and abstain from, in all dealings if its relate business dealing or any other moral conduct in social life www. rmars. com/journals 116 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 ? Business dealing should be pure, the trader must be cleared with other party, especially the seller in dealings must out all the things clear, he should be honest and when promised then must fulfill. Dealings should be faired not fake. Softness must be kept in mind by traders or sellers while dealings, because gentleness is the basic thing for all dealings.Do not make the basis of dealings on bribery or corruption, interest, fraud, lie, etc The seller and buyer should also put aside their dealings from all illegitimate sources such as, gambling, black marketing, speculation, stock reserve or hoarding of food, fixation of pricing and all illicit items from which Islam is prohibited. ? ? ? 5. Conclusion In today modern busines s world business ethics have their own dominant role in business society. We accept that the secular business morality is utilitarian and supposed to be relative and may give benefit to the society nd both to seller and buyer as well, but the Islamic perception on business ethics not only useful and relative but also base on humanity and work for long time. Muslims especially adopt those practices which benefit to mankind and review all the business activities which are unlawful and also harm for society and for his/her own organization. This way we can say the business world will be prosperous and will survive for long time. 117 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 7.References Dr. Ahmad Hussain Kamal, (2002). Nizam-e-Ma’Ishyat Aur Islam, (Muslim economic system) Urdu version, 1st edition, Taib Publishers Lahore Pakistan. P. 6-10 Dr. Habib-ur-Rehman, (2003). 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